The objectives of this study were to describe housing and management practices that may affect dairy heifer welfare on US dairy operations, and to compare dairy heifer housing and management practices on organic and non-organic dairy operations. This study was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System’s Dairy 2014 study, which included dairy operations in 17 states. Data on housing and management practices were collected on 1,261 dairy operations via in-person interviews. A total of 7.4% of operations were certified organic. Organic and non-organic operations differed only in the time at which calves were removed from the dam. On 50.1% of organic operations calves remained with their dam for 12 or more hours, compared with 26.9% of non-organic operations that kept calves with their dams for that long. Individual hutch/pen was the primary housing type for preweaned heifers on 69.6% of operations in 2013 compared with 74.9% of operations in 2006. Most dairy operations (94.3%) disbudded/dehorned calves. A hot iron was the most prevalent method used to disbud/dehorn calves (69.9%); 30.0% of operations that disbudded/dehorned calves gave the calves analgesics and/or anesthetics. Tail-docking was performed on 31.7% of operations, of which 1.1% used analgesia/anesthesia. A band was the most common method of tail-docking (97.0% of operations that tail-docked); 31.9% of operations that tail-docked, docked tails when heifers were less than 2 mo of age, while 44.9% tail-docked when heifers were over 2 years of age. In total, 6.4% of preweaned dairy heifers and 1.9% of weaned dairy heifers died during 2013, compared with 7.8% of preweaned heifers and 1.8% of weaned heifers in 2006. Of preweaned heifers and weaned heifers that died in 2013, 3.5% and 4.2%, respectively, were euthanized. The percentage of operations using an analgesia/anesthesia during disbudding/dehorning increased from 13.8% in 2006 to 30.0% in 2013; however, 70% of dairy operations do not use analgesia/anesthesia when disbudding/dehorning cows, which highlights the need for education regarding pain management during surgical procedures.